Knockdown resistance kdr of the voltagegated sodium. Despite the importance of kdr mutations in pyrethroid resistance, the evolutionary origin of thekdr mutations is unknown. Pyrethroid insecticide resistance kdr gene in the house. The polymorphism and the geographical distribution of the. Kt 50 for deltamethrin and permethrin has increased 125 and 20fold, respectively, over the period 2002 to 2016. On the basis of our assessment of insecticide resistance gene mutations in shanghai, we identified a kdr mutationfree population in. Such mutative resistance is characterized by the presence of kdr alleles in the insects genome. The tropical bed bug, cimex hemipterus, is a serious indoor public health pest in tropical regions causing intense physical. However, several recent papers have concluded that the knockdown resistance kdr genotypephenotype correlation that is observed in a wide variety of taxa might not hold in all mosquitoes.
Knockdown resistance, also called kdr, describes cases of resistance to diphenylethane e. Py resistance, known as knockdown resistance kdr is associated with changes in the target site of the insecticide caused by mutations in the nucleotide sequence of na v dong et al. Several groups are developing and applying dnabased technologies to monitor insecticidebased disease control programmes. Insecticide resistance allele kdrhis has a fitness cost. So far, a number of kdr mutations have been identified in ae. The spread of insecticide resistance in the malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae is a serious threat for current vector control strategies which rely on the use of insecticides. Interactive cost of plasmodium infection and insecticide. This was unexpected given the relatively lower level of resistance this allele confers, and led to speculation that the kdrhis allele may have a minimal fitness cost in the absence of insecticide. Ddt and pyrethroid insecticides in insects and other arthropods that result from reduced sensitivity of the nervous system caused by point mutations in the insect populations genetic makeup. The goal of this study was to monitor the kdrhis allele frequency over 15 generations in the absence of insecticide. In 2011, a kdr associated mutation was evidenced for the first time in a. Among them, aedes albopictus mosquitoes are efficient vectors of relevant pathogens causing animal and human diseases worldwide, including yellow fever, chikungunya, dengue, and zika. Insecticide resistance mechanisms with novel kdr type gene.
Ace1 a target site resistance gene for carbamate and organophosphate insecticides conferring insensitive acetylcholinesterase ache caused by a single mutation, g119s, of the ace1 gene. We investigated the insecticide resistance profiles and the kdr mutations involved in pyrethroid resistance of ae. A single mutation in the gste2 gene allows tracking of. Kdr analysis of voltagegated sodium channel vgsc gene showed significant association to s989p and v1016g mutations linked to resistance phenotypes against 0. As such, resistance has been detected to several of these insecticides, including in china, but the mechanisms of the resistance are not well understood in this country. Aedes aegypti associated with insecticide resistance. The frequency of the l1014 f kdr mutation was determined in 14 field populations of house flies, musca domestica l. Crossresistance when resistance to one insecticide confers resistance to another in secticide, even where the insect has not been exposed to the latter. Insecticide resistance is achieved in a selected strain or population. Insecticide resistance mechanisms with novel kdr type gene mutations in the tropical bed bug cimex hemipterus. Aedes aegypti is the main vector of several arthropodborne viral infections in the tropics profoundly. Author summary aedes aegypti yellowfever mosquito and aedes albopictus asian tiger mosquito can vector a variety of arboviruses that cause diseases and are thus a public health concern. The genomics of insecticide resistance genome biology. These mosquitoes were also resistant to lambdacyhalothrin and deltamethrin representative type ii pyrethroids with slow knockdown of about 30%.
D7 family proteins are among the most expressed salivary proteins in mosquitoes. The bed bug population has developed high resistance to propoxur with increased esterase activities. Pdf pyrethroid insecticide resistance kdr gene in the house fly. In aedes aegypti, the main dengue vector, the aana v substitutions val1016ile and phe1534cys are the most important knockdown resistance kdr mutations. The multiple origins of kdrtype resistance and the limited geographic distribution of each resistance allele are consistent with independent mutational events in different geographic locations coupled with restricted gene flow andor a geographic selection mosaic, in which alleles from different populations are selected against.
Correlation between adult pyrethroid resistance and. Status of insecticide resistance and its mechanisms in. Pdf a new knockdown resistance kdr mutation f1534l in aedes. Mutations in the voltage gated sodium channel nav, known as kdr, are one of the principal mechanisms related to resistance to pyrethroids, the class of insecticide most employed worldwide inside and around residences. The fact that the highly polymorphic kdr gene is only observed in an. Pdf the control of aedes aegypti borneinfections mainly dengue.
Frequency of kdr gene in house fly field populations. They facilitate blood meal intake of the mosquito by scavenging host amines that induce vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation and pain. However, its efficiency has been hampered by the emergence of insecticide resistance. Despite this important role, little information is available on the impact of insecticide resistance on the regulation of d7 proteins and consequently on the blood feeding success. Abstract the spread of insecticide resistance genes in anopheles gambiae. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to conduct a survey on the presence of the pyrethroid insecticide kdr re sistance gene in house fly populations at five locations in the uae. Kdr mutations in the na v associated or not with py resistance have been observed in a range of insects, including a. Knowledge on the extent, distribution and mechanisms of insecticide resistance is essential for successful. The insecticide resistance allele kdrhis has a fitness.
The generation and analysis of several chromosomal rearrangements, such as deletions and. We evaluated the fitness cost of these kdr mutations related to distinct aspects of development and. Relationship between insecticide resistance and kdr mutations in. However, its impact on parasite transmission could be diverse when considering the. Investigating knockdown resistance kdr mechanism against.
Polymerase chain reaction pcr was used to investigate the presence of knockdown resistance kdr mutation and to identify sibling species within the an. Contrasting patterns of insecticide resistance and. Usually the two insecticides belong to the same class and share identical or similar mode of action negative crossresistance. Where resistance genes are already involved in essential. Insecticide resistance is an increasing problem worldwide that limits the efficacy. Multiple origins of kdrtype resistance in the house fly.
This study has shown that insecticide resistance in kdrfree ae. Control of the mosquito vector culex pipiens with insecticides is the main way to control arboviruses that the species can transmit such as west nile virus wnv and rift valley fever virus rvfv. Investigating insecticide resistance and knockdown. Landscape genetic structure and evolutionary genetics of. Knockdown resistance to ddt and pyrethroids has long been associated with mutations in the sodiumchannel gene, the target of these insecticides. Insecticide resistance associated with kdr mutations in aedes. Insecticide resistance raises concerns for the control of vectorborne diseases.
Pdf pyrethroid insecticide resistance kdr gene in the. Conus manual for evaluating insecticide resistance in. The impact of insecticides management linked with resistance. However, the resistance status of these vectors in florida is. Kdrbased insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae s. Insecticides bioassay conducted using the mixed f 0 adults from auyo, revealed resistance to ddt with only 12% knockdown after one hour exposure figure 2a and mortality of 44. Two mutations at position 1014 of the s 6 transmembrane segment of domain ii in the voltage gated sodium channel, known as kdr knockdown resistance mutations leading to a change of a leucine to a.
Flies with the kdr trait exhibit reduced neuronal sensitivity to these compounds, which are known to act at voltagesensitive sodium channels of nerve membranes. Guideline for evaluating insecticide resistance in vectors using the cdc bottle bioassay. Investigating knockdown resistance kdr mechanism against pyrethroidsddt in the malaria vector anopheles funestus across africa helen irving1 and charles s. Two mutations at position 1014 of the s6 transmembrane segment of domain ii in the voltage gated sodium channel, known as kdr knockdown resistance mutations leading to a change of a leucine to a phenylalanine. A polymerase chain reaction test for identifying kdr homo or heterozygote house flies was used to determine the.
Here, we investigated the presence and contribution of knockdown resistance kdr to pyrethroidsddt. Different mechanisms are associated in conferring resistance to. Muscidae, in the united arab emirates december 2014 agricultural sciences 0514. This study aims toexamine the evolutionary genetics ofkdr. Highlights from migration lecture university of arizona. Application of insecticide tends to favor insecticide resistance, involving single genes of major effect rather than polygenic resistance ffrenchconstant et al. Pyrethroid resistance raises a great challenge for mosquito control. Does kdr genotype predict insecticide resistance phenotype. The genetics and genomics of insecticide resistance. Relationship between insecticide resistance and kdr. Aedes aegypti is an important vector for dengue virus and thus has been targeted with pyrethroid insecticides in many areas of the world. Insecticide resistance associated with kdr mutations in. Classical genetic mapping of dieldrin resistance showed that resistance was conferred by a single gene on chromosome iii at map position 66f.
Guidelin for evaluating insecticide resistance in vectors. Pyrethroids are the most used insecticide class worldwide. Pyrethroid insecticide resistance kdr gene in the house fly, musca domestica diptera. This step should be done at the national or regional level in a given country or.
We found that kdrhis had an overall fitness cost, in crosses with two different insecticide susceptible strains. Kdr based insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae s. Little is known about the insecticideresistance status and underlying resistance mechanisms of field. Does kdr genotype predict insecticide resistance phenotype in. In other mosquito species, ddt resistance is conferred by additional mechanisms, such as the knockdown resistance kdr mutation an. Knockdown resistance kdr of the voltagegated sodium channel gene of aedes aegypti population in denpasar, bali, indonesia penny humaidah hamid1, joko prastowo1, anis widyasari2, anja taubert3 and carlos hermosilla3 abstract background. High frequency of kdr l1014f is associated with pyrethroid. Researchers sequenced the kdr gene from mosquitoes collected in mali during three time periods. For this, the partial coding region of the sodium channel gene from resistant mosquitoes was sequenced and a simple allelespeci. Assessing the effects of aedes aegypti kdr mutations on. Resistance to ddt and other insecticides in anopheles is affected by a sodium channel gene, kdr. The implications of these results to insecticide resistance monitoring and management are discussed. Using the world health organization larval mosquito bioassay, five field populations of.
The objective of the current study was to conduct a survey of the kdr insecticide resistance gene in the house fly population in the united arab emirates uae. Genetic association of kdr alleles with phenotype insecticide resistance. In order to determine whether kdr had a single or multiple evolutionary origins in cpb, 96 larvae from 10. Insecticide resistance an overview sciencedirect topics.
Evolution of kdr haplotypes in worldwide populations of. Mutations in the voltage sensitive sodium channel vssc gene are one of. Understanding the molecular basis of insecticide resistance is key to improve the surveillance and monitoring of malaria vector populations under control. Insecticide resistance is an increasing problem worldwide that limits the efficacy of control methods against several pests of health interest. Ace1 a targetsite resistance gene for carbamate and organophosphate insecticides conferring insensitive acetylcholinesterase. Does kdr genotype predict insecticideresistance phenotype. Contrasting patterns of insecticide resistance and knockdown resistance kdr in the dengue vectors aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus from malaysia intan h ishak1,2, zairi jaal2, hilary ranson1 and charles s wondji1 abstract background.
Arboviral disease transmitted by aedes albopictus such as dengue fever is an important threat to human health. Multipleinsecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae. Pdf insecticide resistance mechanisms with novel kdr. Multiple evolutionary origins of knockdown resistance kdr. Author summary insecticide resistance is a global threat for the control of aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector of aboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya and zika. In the major malaria vector anopheles funestus, little is currently known about the role of the knockdown resistance kdr mechanism. Relationship between kdr mutation and resistance to pyrethroid. High frequencies of f1534c and v1016i kdr mutations and. They target the voltage gated sodium channel na v, inducing the knockdown effect. A point mutation v419l in the sodium channel gene from. Overall, transcription analyses indicated that gste2 is the main detoxification gene associated with ddt resistance in pahou mosquitoes. The resistance is caused by a single mutation, g119s, of the ace1 gene.
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